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郴州市人民政府关于印发郴州市城市绿线管理办法的通知

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郴州市人民政府关于印发郴州市城市绿线管理办法的通知

湖南省郴州市人民政府


郴州市人民政府关于印发郴州市城市绿线管理办法的通知

郴政发〔2009〕3号


各县市区人民政府,市政府各部门、直属机构、郴州管理机构,中省驻郴各单位:

《郴州市城市绿线管理办法》已经市人民政府同意,现印发给你们,请认真遵照执行。



郴州市人民政府

二○○九年二月二日





郴州市城市绿线管理办法

第一条为建立并严格实行城市绿线管理制度,加强城市生态环境建设,营造良好的人居环境,促进城市可持续发展,根据《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》、国务院《城市绿化条例》、国家建设部《城市绿线管理办法》以及《湖南省实施<城市绿化条例>办法》等法律法规有关规定,结合我市实际,制定本办法。

第二条本办法所称城市绿线,是指郴州市城市规划区内各类绿地范围的控制线。

第三条本办法适用于本市城市规划区内城市绿线的划定和监督管理。市规划行政主管部门、市城市管理和行政执法主管部门按照职责分工,负责城市绿线的监督和管理工作。郴州市园林管理处是本市城市规划区范围内园林绿化管理部门,具体负责城市绿线监督和管理工作。国土资源、建设、林业、水利、房产等部门按照各自职责,协助做好城市绿线的监督和管理工作。

第四条控制性详细规划中应当确定不同类型用地的界线,规定城市绿地率控制指标和绿化用地界线的具体坐标;修建性详细规划应当根据控制线详细规划,明确绿地布局,提出绿化配置的原则或者方案,划定绿地界线。

第五条下列区域应划定城市绿线:

 (一)现有的和规划确定的公园绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地、附属绿地、其他绿地;

 (二)城市规划区内的河流、湖泊、水塘、湿地、山体等城市生态控制区域;

 (三)城市规划区内的风景名胜区,散生林植被、古树名木规定的保护范围等;

 (四)其他对城市生态和景观产生积极作用的区域。

第六条城市绿线范围内的公园绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地、附属绿地、其他绿地等,必须按照《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》、《公园设计规范》、《城市居住区规划设计规范》、《城市道路绿化规划与设计规范》等标准进行绿地建设。

第七条城市绿线由市人民政府组织市园林绿化管理部门、城市规划、国土资源、林业等行政主管部门根据城市绿化的现状,风景名胜、自然地貌以及已批准的城市绿地系统规划等予以划定,经市人民政府批准后实施。

第八条批准的城市绿线应向社会公布,接受公众监督。任何单位和个人都有监督城市绿线管理、举报投诉城市绿线管理违法行为的权利和保护城市绿地、服从城市绿线管理的义务。

第九条城市绿线范围内的用地,任何单位和个人不得擅自改作他用,更不能进行经营性开发建设,因建设或者其他特殊情况确需改变城市绿线内用地性质的,必须依法办理相关审批手续。在城市绿线范围内,不符合规划要求的建筑物、构筑物及其他设施应当限期迁出或依法拆除。因建设或者其他特殊情况需要临时占用城市绿线内用地的,必须依法办理相关审批手续。

第十条任何单位和个人不得在城市绿地范围内进行拦河截溪、取土采石、设置垃圾堆场、排放污水以及其他对生态环境构成破坏的活动。近期不进行绿化建设的规划绿地范围内的建设活动,应当进行生态环境影响分析,并按照《城乡规划法》的规定予以严格控制。

第十一条各类建设项目都必须按照城市绿地系统规划的要求,配套绿化建设,并实行绿化项目设计方案审批验收制度。城市规划区内新建、改建、扩建工程项目,在向市城市规划行政主管部门申请办理工程规划许可证时,涉及到绿地绿线的必须征求市园林绿化管理部门的意见,并同时按规定向有关部门报批绿化工程设计方案。市城市规划行政主管部门凭市园林绿化管理部门在其相应资料上签署意见并盖专用章后,方可办理规划许可手续。承担园林绿化建设的设计施工单位,必须持有相应资格证书,严格执行技术规范,保证工程质量。

第十二条城市绿线范围内的公园绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地、附属绿地、其他绿地等,必须按照《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》、《城市绿化规划建设指标的规定》等行业标准进行建设。各类绿地单项指标应符合下列要求:

(一)新建居住区绿地占居住区总用地的35%以上,其中用于建设公共绿地的土地不得低于建设项目用地总面积的10%;旧城区改造居住区绿地占居住区总用地比率不低于25%。

(二)园林景观道路绿地率不低于40%;红线宽度大于50m的道路绿地率不低于30%;红线宽度在40-50m的道路绿地率不低于25%;红线宽度小于40m的道路绿地率不低于20%。

(三)附属绿地面积占单位总用地面积比率不低于35%,其中工业企业、交通枢纽、仓储、商业中心等绿地率不低于20%;产生有害气体及其他污染的工厂的绿地率不低于30%,并根据国家标准设立不少于50米宽的防护林带;学校、医院、休疗养院所、机关团体、公共文化设施、部队等单位的绿地率不低于35%。

第十三条各类建设工程的配套绿化要按照划定的绿线和审定的绿化方案与主体工程同步施工,不得擅自减少绿化面积,变更绿化设计。绿线范围以市规划行政主管部门核发的建设工程规划许可证附图为准。

第十四条建设项目基本建设投资中应当包括配套绿化建设经费,列入该项目建设总投资。凡新建、改建、扩建工程,按照项目总投资的2%安排资金用于绿化建设。新建、扩建、改建工程的配套绿化面积,因特殊条件限制无法达到规定标准的,经市规划行政主管部门、市园林绿化管理部门审查同意后,由建设单位将所缺面积的城市绿化补偿费交市园林绿化管理部门安排用于异地绿化建设。城市绿化补偿费的收费标准依照省物价、省财政部门批准的规定执行。城市绿化补偿费属事业性收费,使用财政部门监制的统一票据,实行收支两条线管理。城市绿化补偿费用于城市绿地建设,并接受物价、财政和审计部门的监督检查。

第十五条各类建设工程要与其配套的园林绿化工程同步设计、同步施工、同步验收。对批准实施的配套绿化工程,建设单位或施工企业应在绿化工程开工前10天将开工日期告知市园林绿化管理部门,市园林绿化管理部门要加强施工质量管理,跟踪检查建设单位实施绿化工程建设情况。发现问题应责成建设单位按照要求整改,配套绿化工程建设在不迟于主体工程建成后第一个绿化季节完成。

第十六条建设项目配套园林绿化工程竣工后,建设单位应及时向市园林绿化管理部门提出验收申请,并报送相关资料。对验收合格的建设项目市园林绿化管理部门在相应资料上加盖"城市绿化合格专用章"后,市建设行政主管部门方予备案,工程项目方可交付使用,市房产主管部门方可为其办理房屋产权手续。未经市园林绿化管理部门验收或验收不合格的建设项目,市园林绿化主管部门应当责令其限期改正。对于整改不合格的建设项目不得交付使用。

第十七条违反法律、法规和本办法规定,擅自改变城市绿线内土地用途、占用或者破坏城市绿地的,由市城市规划、园林绿化行政主管部门按照《城乡规划法》、《城市绿化条例》、《湖南省实施<城市绿化条例>办法》的有关规定予以处罚。

第十八条违反建设部《城市绿线管理办法》第十七条规定,在城市绿地范围内进行拦河截溪、取土采石、设置垃圾场、排放污水以及其他对城市生态环境造成破坏活动的,由城市园林绿化行政主管部门责令改正,并处1万元以上3万元以下的罚款。

第十九条违反法律、法规和本办法规定,有关部门在已经划定的城市绿线范围内违反规定审批建设项目的,对有关责任人员给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第二十条本办法自公布之日起施行。法律、法规、规章另有规定的,从其规定。

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中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)
海关总署


(1987年6月30日国务院批准)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了实施《中华人民共和国海关法》(以下简称《海关法》)关于法律责任的规定,根据《海关法》第六十条制定本实施细则。
第二条 不构成走私罪的走私行为,构成走私罪但依法免予起诉或者免除刑罚的行为,以及违反海关监管规定的行为的处理,适用本实施细则。

第二章 走私行为及处罚
第三条 有下列行为之一的,是走私行为:
(一)未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准,从未设立海关的地点运输、携带国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的;
(二)经过设立海关的地点,以藏匿、伪装、瞒报、伪报或者其他手法逃避海关监管,运输、携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的;
(三)未经海关许可并补缴关税,擅自出售特准进口的保税货物、其他海关监管货物或者进境的境外运输工具的;
(四)未经海关许可并补缴关税,擅自出售特定减税或者免税进口用于特定企业、特定用途的货物,或者将特定减免税进口用于特定地区的货物擅自运往境内其他地区的。
第四条 有下列行为之一的,按走私行为论处:
(一)直接向走私人非法收购走私进口的货物、物品的;
(二)在内海、领海运输、收购、贩卖国家禁止进出境的物品的,或者运输、收购、贩卖国家限制进出口的货物、物品,没有合法证明的。
第五条 有本实施细则第三条、第四条所列行为之一的,按照下列规定处罚:
(一)走私国家禁止进出境的物品的,没收走私物品和违法所得,可以并处人民币五万元以下的罚款;
(二)走私国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的,没收走私货物、物品和违法所得,可以并处走私货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款三倍以下的罚款;
(三)专门用于掩护走私的货物、物品,应当没收;藏匿走私货物、物品的特制设备,应当没收或者责令拆毁。
走私货物、物品无法没收时,应当追缴走私货物、物品的等值价款。
第六条 对两人或者两人以上共同所为的走私行为,应当区别情节及责任,分别给予处罚。
知情不报并为走私人提供方便的,没收违法所得,可以并处违法所得两倍以下的罚款;没有违法所得的,处人民币五千元以下的罚款。
第七条 为走私准备工具、制造条件的,比照本实施细则第五条的规定从轻处罚。
第八条 有下列情形之一的,可以从轻或者免予处罚:
(一)走私情节轻微的;
(二)当事人主动交待、检举立功的;
(三)走私行为在三年以后发现的。
前款第(三)项规定的期限,从走私行为发生之日起计算;走私行为是连续状态的,从最后一次走私行为发生之日起计算。

第三章 违反海关监管规定的行为及处罚
第九条 违反海关法规但不构成走私行为的,是违反海关监管规定的行为。
第十条 违反国家进出口管理法规,没有领取许可证件擅自进出口货物的,没收货物或者责令退运;经发证机关核准补发许可证件的,处货物等值以下的罚款。
第十一条 有下列行为之一的,处货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款两倍以下的罚款:
(一)逃避海关监管,运输、携带、邮寄货物、物品进出境,但有关货物、物品不属于国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的;
(二)未经海关许可,擅自开拆、提取、交付、发运、调换、改装、抵押、转让海关监管货物或者海关尚未放行的进出境物品的;
(三)经营保税货物的运输、储存、加工、装配、寄售业务,有关记录不真实或者数量短少不能提供正当理由的;
(四)未经海关许可,将特定减税或者免税进口的货物、物品移作他用的;
(五)进出境货物申报不实的;
(六)不按照规定期限将暂时进出口货物复运出境或者复运进境,擅自留在境内或者境外的;
(七)不按照规定期限将过境、转运、通运货物运输出境,擅自留在境内的;
(八)未经海关批准并补缴关税,擅自转让进出境运输工具的自用物料、物品的。
第十二条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币五万元以下的罚款:
(一)未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准,运输工具不经设立海关的地点进出境的;
(二)在海关监管区停留的进出境运输工具,未经海关同意擅自驶离的;
(三)进出境运输工具从一个设立海关的地点驶往另一个设立海关的地点,尚未办结海关手续又未经海关批准,中途改驶境外或者境内未设立海关的地点的。
第十三条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币三万元以下的罚款:
(一)进出境运输工具到达或者驶离设立海关的地点,未按照规定向海关交验有关单证或者交验的单证不真实的;
(二)不按照规定接受海关对进出境运输工具、货物、物品进行检查、查验的;
(三)进出境运输工具未经海关同意,擅自装卸进出境货物、物品或者上下进出境旅客的;
(四)进出境运输工具未经海关同意,擅自兼营境内客货运输或者用于进出境运输以外的其他用途的;
(五)进出境运输工具未按照规定办理海关手续,擅自改营境内运输的;
(六)经营保税货物的储存、加工、装配、寄售业务,不按照规定办理收存、交付、核销手续,或者中止、延长、转让有关合同不按照规定向海关办理手续的;
(七)在海关监管区以外存放海关监管货物,未经海关同意或者不接受海关监管的;
(八)擅自开启或者损毁海关加施于运输工具、仓库场所或者货物的封志的。
第十四条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币两万元以下的罚款:
(一)进境运输工具在进境以后向海关申报以前,出境运输工具在办结海关手续以后出境以前,不按照交通主管机关或者海关指定的路线行进的;
(二)载运海关监管货物的进出境船舶、汽车不按照海关指定的路线行进的;
(三)进出境船舶和航空器,由于不可抗力被迫在未设立海关的地点停泊、降落,以及抛掷或者起卸货物、物品,不向附近海关报告而无正当理由的。
第十五条 有下列行为之一的,责令补税或者将有关物品退运,可以并处物品等值以下的罚款:
(一)个人携带、邮寄超过海关规定数量但数额较小仍属自用的物品进出境,未向海关申报的;
(二)个人携带、邮寄物品进出境,向海关申报不实,或者不接受海关查验的;
(三)经海关登记准予暂时免税进境或者出境的物品,未按规定复带出境或者复带进境的;
(四)未经海关批准,过境人员将其所带物品留在境内的。
第十六条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币一千元以下的罚款:
(一)无特殊原因,未将进出境船舶、火车、航空器到达的时间、停留的地点或者更换的时间、地点事先通知海关的;
(二)擅自开启、损毁海关加施于物品的封志的;
(三)违反海关法规,致使海关不能或者中断对进出境运输工具、货物、物品实施监管的。
第十七条 携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品进出境,在海关检查以前主动报明的,分别按规定予以没收或者责令退回,并可酌情处以罚款。
第十八条 违反海关监管规定情节轻微,或者当事人主动交待的,可以从轻或者免予处罚。
违反海关监管规定的行为在三年以后发现的,免予处罚。

第四章 走私行为及违反海关监管规定行为的处理
第十九条 走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处理,由海关关长决定。
第二十条 海关扣留货物、物品或者运输工具,应当发给扣留凭单。
扣留凭单的格式,由海关总署统一制定。
第二十一条 对于无法或者不便扣留的货物、物品或者运输工具,海关可以向当事人或者运输工具负责人收取等值的保证金或者抵押物。
第二十二条 依法扣留的货物、物品和运输工具,在人民法院判决或者海关处罚决定生效之前,不得处理。但是对于鲜活、易腐或者易失效的货物、物品,可以先行变卖,价款由海关保存,并通知其所有人。
第二十三条 经海关查明,确属来源于走私行为非法取得的存款、汇款,海关可以书面通知银行或者邮局暂停支付,同时通知存款人或者汇款人。暂停支付的期限不得超过三个月。海关作出的处罚决定生效后,有关款项由海关依照《海关法》和本实施细则的规定处理。
第二十四条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反海关法规,除处罚该单位外,海关还可以对其主管人员和直接责任人员分别处以人民币一千元以下的罚款。
第二十五条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反《海关法》,海关可以视情节暂时停止给予特定减免税优惠,暂时取消其报关资格,或者吊销有关当事人的报关员证书。
第二十六条 对于走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处罚,海关应当向当事人送达处罚通知书。
当事人对海关的处罚决定不服的,可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内,向作出处罚决定的海关或者上一级海关书面申请复议;有关海关应当在收到复议申请书后的九十日内作出复议决定,并制发复议决定书送达当事人。当事人对复议决定仍然不服的,可以自复议决定书送达之日起
三十日内,向人民法院起诉。
当事人也可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内,直接向人民法院起诉。当事人选择直接向人民法院起诉的,不得向海关申请复议。
海关处罚通知书和复议决定书的格式,由海关总署统一制定。
第二十七条 海关送达处罚通知书和复议决定书,可以直接送交当事人签收;也可以邮寄送达,以挂号回执上注明的收件日期为送达日期。无法送达的应当公告;公告即视为送达。
第二十八条 当事人在规定期限内未提出复议申请或者起诉的,处罚即为生效。
罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的走私货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款,应当在海关处罚决定指定的期限内缴清。
第二十九条 受海关处罚的当事人在境内没有永久住所的,应当在离境前缴清罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款。当事人对海关的处罚决定不服或者在离境前不能缴清上述款项的,应当交付相当于上述款项的保证金、抵押物,或者提供海关认可的其他保
证。
当事人如期履行海关的处罚决定后,海关应当及时发还其交付的保证金、抵押物,其他保证立即终止。
第三十条 当事人逾期不履行海关的处罚决定又不申请复议或者起诉的,作出处罚决定的海关可以将其保证金没收,或者将其被扣留、抵押的货物、物品、运输工具变价抵缴,也可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第三十一条 依照本实施细则处以罚款但不没收进出境货物、物品、运输工具的,不免除当事人依法缴纳关税、办理有关海关手续的义务。

第五章 附 则
第三十二条 海关工作人员滥用职权、故意刁难、拖延监管、查验的,依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分;徇私舞弊、玩忽职守或者放纵走私的,根据情节轻重,依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分或者依照法律规定追究刑事责任。
第三十三条 本实施细则下列用语的含义是:
“物品”,包括货币、金银、有价证券等在内。
“等值”,均以当时当地国营市场零售价格为准;上述价格不能确定时,由海关估定。

“以下”、“以内”,均包括本数在内。
第三十四条 国家限制进出口货物的品名,由国务院主管部门公布。
国家禁止进出境物品的品名由海关总署根据《海关法》和其他有关法律、法规,会同国务院有关主管部门确定,由海关总署公布。
国家限制进出境物品的品名,由海关总署公布。
第三十五条 本实施细则由海关总署负责解释。
第三十六条 本实施细则自1987年7月1日起施行。


  The Rules of Administrative Penalties for the Implementation ofthe Customs Law of the Peoples Republic of China(Promulgated by the Customs General Administration on July 1,1987)Whole Doc.

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1

  Pursuant to Article 60 of the Customs Law the Rules are formulated with a view to implementing the provisions on legal liabilities of the Custom Law of the Peoples Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law).

  Article 2

  The Rules shall be applicable to the smuggling act which does not constitute smuggling crime, to the act of smuggling crime exempted from prosecution and criminal penalties and to handling of acts in violation of the Customs supervision and control.

  Chapter II Act of Smuggling and Punishment

  Article 3

  Any of the following acts constitutes an act of smuggling:

  (1) To transport, carry articles prohibited by the State into or out of the Chinese territory at places without Customs, goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export and goods and articles subject to the Customs duty in accordance with the law without the prior approval by the State Council or the Authority empowered by the State Council.

  (2) To transport, carry or mail at places with Customs imports and exports prohibited, imports and exports restricted and dutiable goods and articles specified by the State into and out of the territory for the purpose of escaping from the Customs supervision and control by means of concealing, falsifying, deceiving, forging or other means.

  (3) To sell bonded goods imported under special permission and other goods under the Customs supervision and control or foreign means of transport already within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.

  (4) To sell duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for specific enterprise and specific use, or to transfer the duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for a specific area to other areas within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Custom duty.

  Article 4

  Any of the following acts shall be delt with as smuggling:

  (1) To illegally purchase the imported smuggled goods and articles directly from the smuggler.

  (2) To transport, purchase and sell articles prohibited by the State into or out of the territory, or transport, purchase or sell goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export without lawful certificates at Chinas inland territorial waters and territorial waters.

  Article 5

  Punishment shall be made in accordance with the following provisions in the case of any of the acts listed in Article 3 and Article 4 of the Rules:

  (1) Articles which are prohibited into and out of the territory by the State shall be confiscated as well as the illegal incomes and a penalty of less than RMB 50,000 may be imposed in addition in the case of smuggling of such articles.

  (2) The smuggled goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export or goods and articles subjected to the Customs duty under the law and illegal incomes shall be confiscated and a penalty of less than the value of the smuggled goods and articles or less than three times of the Customs duty payable may be in addition imposed.

  (3) Goods and articles used for the purpose to cover up smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated, and specially designed instruments for concealing smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated or dismantled by order.

  In case the smuggled goods and articles are beyond the possibility of confiscation, a sum of money equal to the value of smuggled goods and articles shall be collected.

  Article 6

  Smuggling acts committed jointly by two or more persons shall be subject to the approach that the two persons are punished separately according to the seriousness and responsibility of each case.

  Those who conceal what they know of the case and facilitate smugglers shall be punished by confiscating illegal incomes. In the absence of illegal incomes, a penalty of less than RMB 5,000 shall be imposed.

  Article 7

  Those preparing tools and creating conditions for smuggling shall be in lenient manner subject to punishment provided in Article 5 of the Rules.

  Article 8

  Any of the following acts shall be put to punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment:

  (1) Slight smuggling;

  (2) The party concerned has confessed its illegal act on his own initiative and informed against offenders and make contributions;

  (3) The smuggling act is discovered three years later;

  The duration provided in above(3) shall be calculated as from the day when the smuggling act is committed. In case the act is successive, the duration shall be calculated as from the day when the last smuggling act is committed.

  Chapter III Punishment and Acts in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control

  Article 9

  Acts in violation of the Customs law and regulations which do not constitute smuggling are acts in violation of the Provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control.

  Article 10

  Goods imported or exported without any licence and in violation of laws and regulations in relation to the import and export administration shall be confiscated or transported back by order. In the event that the license is issued afterwards which the examination by the license administration authorities, a penalty of less than the value of the goods shall be imposed.

  Article 11

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than the value of the goods and articles or less than two times of the Customs duty payable:

  (1) To evade the Customs supervision and control and to transport, carry or mail into or out of the territory the goods and articles which do not belong to articles prohibited into or out of the territory or goods and articles restricted in import and export or those goods and articles subject to the Customs duty under the Customs Law.

  (2) To open, pick up, deliver, forward, replace, repackage, mortgage or transfer the goods under the Customs supervision and control or the articles which have not been released into and out of the territory by the Customs without the prior approval by the Customs.

  (3) In handling the transport, storage, processing, assembling and consigning of the bonded goods, failing to provide authentic records or appropriate reasons for the short in quantity.

  (4) To shift the specific imported goods with duty reduction or exemption for other uses without the prior approval by the Customs.

  (5) To intentionally misdeclare the goods when entering or leaving the territory.

  (6) To fail to re-import or re-export the goods which are temporarily exported or imported within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods inside or outside the territory without permission.

  (7) To fail to transport the transit goods, transshipment goods or through goods out of the territory within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods presumptuously inside the territory without permission.

  (8) To transfer presumptuously the self-use materials and articles for inward and outward means of transport without the prior approval by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.

  Article 12

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 50,000:

  (1) The means of transport fail to enter or leave the territory at places with the Customs and without the prior approval by the State Council or approval by the Authorities empowered by the State Council.

  (2) The inward and outward means of transport in the "Customs Surveillance Zone" leaves without the prior permission by the Customs.

  (3) The inward and outward means of transport which goes from one place with Customs to another place with Customs divert halfway to places inside or outside the territory without Customs before the completion of Customs procedures and without the prior approval by the Customs.

  Article 13

  Any of the following acts imposed a penalty of less than RMB 30,000:

  (1) Failure to provide the relevant documents to the Customs for examination in accordance with provisions or the documents provided for examination are not authentic when the inward and outward means of transport arrive at or leave the place with the Customs;

  (2) To refuse to accept the inspection and examination by the Customs in accordance with the provisions over the inward and outward means of transport and the goods and articles;

  (3) The inward and outward means of transport load or unload presumptuously the imported and exported goods and articles or passengers entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs;

  (4) The inward and outward means of transport conduct presumptuously domestic goods or passenger transportation business or are used for the purpose other than the transportation entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs;

  (5) The inward and outward means of transport divert to conduct presumptuously transportation business in the territory without going through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions;

  (6) In handling the storage, assembling, processing, consigning of the bonded goods, failure to go through receiving, delivery, or canceling procedures in accordance with the provisions, or failure to go through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions upon suspension, extension, and assignment of relevant contracts;

  (7) To deposit the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control outside the "Customs Surveillance Zone" without the prior permission by the Customs or reject the Customs supervision and control;

  (8) To open presumptuously or damage the Customs seals attached by the customs on the means of transport, warehouses and goods.

  Article 14

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 20,000:

  (1) Failure to go along the route designated by the competent transportation administration authorities or the Customs during the time after the inward means of transport have entered the territory but before declaring to the Customs or during the time after the outward means of transport have completed Customs procedures but before leaving the territory.

  (2) The inward and outward vessels, vehicles carry the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control do not go along the route designated by the Customs.

  (3) Failure to report to the Customs without appropriated reasons when the inward and outward vessels and aircraft have to berth, land and throw or unload the goods and articles at the places without Customs due to force majeure.

  Article 15

  Any of the following acts shall be ordered to pay the Customs duty or re-transport the relevant articles and may be imposed in addition a penalty of less than the value of the articles:

  (1) Non-declaration of the self-use articles exceeding the limit stipulated by the Customs in small amount carried or posted personally into or out of the territory;

  (2) False declaration or rejection of the Customs examination over the articles personally carried or posted into or out of the territory.

  (3) Failure to re-carry the articles registered and admitted into or out of the territory by the Customs and temporarily exempted from the Customs duty out of or into the territory;

  (4) Maintaining inside the territory the articles carried into the territory by transit passengers without the prior approval by the Customs;

  Article 16

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 1,000:

  (1) To fail to notify the Customs in advance of the time of arrival, the place to stop or the transit and the place thereof of the inward and outward vessels, trains and aircraft without special reasons;

  (2) To open or damage the Customs seals attached by the Customs on the articles without permission;

  (3) To violate the Customs laws and regulations which makes it impossible or suspended that the Customs supervise and control over the inward and outward means of transport, goods and articles.

  Article 17

  Personally carried or posted articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State, but declared to the Customs before the Customs inspection shall be confiscated or delivered back by order in accordance with the provisions and a penalty may be imposed according to the seriousness of each case.

  Article 18

  Punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment shall be accorded in the case of slight violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control or of voluntary confession.

  Exemption from punishment shall be accorded when act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control is discovered three years later.

  Chapter IV Disposal of Smuggling Act and Act in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control

  Article 19

  The disposal of the smuggling act and act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control shall be decided by the director of the Customs House.

  Article 20

  Certificates of detainment shall be issued by the Customs for the detainment of goods and articles or means of transport.

  The standard form of the certificates of detainment shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 21

  Customs may collect bond or mortgage equal to the value of the goods and articles or means of transport which are impossible or inconvenient to be detained from the party or the person in charge of the means of transport.

  Article 22

  The goods and articles or means of transport under detainment in accordance with the provisions shall be disposed before the court award is made or the punishment decision by the Customs enters into force. But the goods and articles which are fresh, living, perishable or liable to loosing effect may be sold before the court award or the punishment decision is made. The proceeds shall be deposited in the Customs and the owner shall be notified.

  Article 23

  In the case of deposit or remittance illegally obtained from smuggling acts as confirmed by the Customs through investigation, the Customs may notify, in writings, the bank or the post office to suspend the payment and notify at the same time the depositor or the remitter. The period of such suspension of payment shall not exceed 3 months. After the penalty imposed by the Customs enters into force, the sum of money concerned shall be disposed by the Customs in accordance with the Customs Law and the Rules.

  Article 24

  In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions, governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may impose a penalty of less than RMB 1,000 on the persons in charge or directly liable in addition to the punishment on the entities.

  Article 25

  In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may, in the light of the seriousness of the case, suspend the preferential treatments of tax reduction and exemption and nullify temporarily the capacity of declaration to the Customs or revoke the certificate of declaration held by the person concerned.

  Article 26

  Punishment notification shall be delivered to the party in respect of the punishment for violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control and for the act of smuggling.

  The party disobedient to the punishment decision made by the Customs may apply in writing for reconsideration to the Customs House which made the punishment decision or to the higher level of the Customs House within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. The Customs House in charge shall make a reconsideration decision within 90 days after the receipt of application and make available the reconsideration decision to the party.

  The party disobedient to the reconsideration decision may sue to the court within 30 days after the receipt of letters of such decision.

  The party may also directly sue to the peoples court within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. In the case of direct lawsuit to the peoples court, the party shall not apply to the Customs for the reconsideration.

  The standard form of punishment notification and the reconsideration decision letters shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 27

  The Customs may deliver the punishment notification or letters of the reconsideration decision directly to and for receipt signed by the party, or by mail with the date on the registered note of receipt as the date of service. Proclamation shall be made in the case of impossibility of delivery and shall be regarded as service.

  Article 28

  The punishment decision letter shall enter into force where the party has not applied for the reconsideration or sued to the court within the stipulated period of time.

  Penalties, illegal incomes and a sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles of means of transport recovered in accordance with the law shall be paid within the period of time stipulated by the Customs punishment decision.

  Article 29

  In case that the party do not have permanent residence in the territory, payment shall be made in respect of the penalties, illegal incomes and the sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles and means of transport recovered in accordance with the law before he leaves the territory In case that the party is disobedient to the punishment or can not pay the sum before he leaves the territory, a bond or mortgage equal in value to the above mentioned sum or other securities approved by the Customs shall be provided.

  In case the performance of the punishment decision made by the Customs within the period of time, the Customs shall immediately return the bonds, mortgages handed in to the party and other securities shall immediately terminate.

  Article 30

  In the case of non-performance of the Customs Punishment and in the absence of application for reconsideration or lawsuit by the party after the stipulated period of time, the Customs which made the punishment decision may confiscate the bonds or sell the goods and articles or means of transport under detainment or on mortgage as the punishment, and the Customs may also apply to the peoples court for enforcement.

  Article 31

  The party shall not be exempted from payment of the Customs duty and completion of the Customs procedures where penalty is imposed in accordance with the Rules but the goods and articles or means of transport are not confiscated.

  Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

  Article 32

  In the case of abuse of powers and intentional delay in the inspection or supervision or control, the Customs personnel shall be subject to administrative punishment in accordance with the provisions regarding the rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council. In the case of bribery or dereliction of duty or indulgence of smuggling, administrative punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the provisions regarding rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council or legal proceeding shall be persuade for criminal offence in accordance with the law and regulations.

  Article 33

  Terms used in the Rules are defined as follows:

  The term"articles" shall include currencies, gold and silver and securities.

  The term"equal in value" shall be determined according to current retail price in local state-owned market.

  In case the above price can not be determined, the Customs valuation shall be required.

  "include" and"less than" shall include the principal figure.

  Article 34

  The name-list of the goods restricted in import and export by the State shall be promulgated by the competent authorities in charge under the State Council.

  The name-list of the articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State shall be determined by the Customs General Administration in accordance with the Customs Law and the relevant laws and regulations in association with the competent departments in charge under the State Council and promulgated by the Customs General Administration.

  The name-list of the articles restricted into and out of the territory by the State shall be promulgated by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 35

  The authority of interpretation of the Rules resides in the Customs General Administration of the PRC.

  Article 36

  The Rules shall enter into force on the date of July 1, 1987.



浅议人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼的若干问题

何培育 广东商学院


[摘要]:刑事诉讼法规定人民检察院享有提起附带民事诉讼的诉权。检察机关在提起附带民事诉讼中应充当原告的法律地位,是形式上的当事人。人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼的条件以及其实体法律适用应当在民事诉讼、刑事诉讼法律规范中加以进一步的明确,以保障国家、集体财产利益在受到侵害后得到有效的救济和补偿。
关键词: 刑事附带民事诉讼 公益诉讼 诉讼地位

2005年9月,郎某等4人在宁波市北仑区柴桥街道后所村的山上盗伐林木被抓获。为了保护集体的利益,北仑区人民检察院向北仑法院提起了刑事附带民事诉讼,要求郎某等4人于2006年3月之前在盗伐原地种上同等树种苗木125株。人民检察院的这一诉讼请求得到了法院的支持。2006年1月11日,浙江宁波北仑区人民法院以盗伐林木罪分别判处郎某等4人拘役四个月零二十天并处罚金1000元;另外还要他们在4月10日前,在后所村山林被毁地段种植树木125棵,并保证成活率在90%以上,并从植树之日起管护3年。
北仑区检察院提起附带民事诉讼是依据北仑区法院、检察院2005年联合制定的《关于刑事附带民事诉讼的暂行规定》(以下简称《暂行规定》)。根据暂行规定,检察院的公诉部门和民事行政检察部门共同或单独以国家公诉人的身份对刑事附带民事公益诉讼案件提起诉讼,法院的刑事审判庭对刑事附带民事公益诉讼案件进行审理;同时规定了适合提起刑事附带民事诉讼案件范围;并对赔偿责任人、提起诉讼时间、起诉书制作、法院立案、检察人员出庭任务等问题做出了明确的规定。
《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》(以下简称《刑事诉讼法》)第七十七条第二款规定,“在刑事诉讼过程中,如果是国家财产、集体财产遭受损失的,人民检察院在提起公诉的时候,可以提起附带民事诉讼”。然而由于种种原因,该条规定在实践当中并未得到充分实施。同时有关人民检察院在提起附带民事诉讼中的范围以及具体程序与实体问题,法律也无明确规定,造成了理论与实践当中的混乱,由此才出现了上述北仑区的《暂行规定》。下面笔者将就上述问题进行分析,并提出一点自己粗浅的看法。

一、人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼职能在司法实践中重视不足
根据我国《宪法》和《人民检察院组织法》的有关规定,人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关,代表国家行使检察权,依法监督、保障宪法和法律的正确实施。主要职责包括对全国性的重大刑事案件行使检察监督权;依法对民事诉讼、行政诉讼实行监督等。出于维护国家集体经济利益不受侵犯的角度,我国《刑事诉讼法》七十七条规定了人民检察院可以作为提起刑事附带民事诉讼的主体。然而,在以往的诉讼实践中,由于人民检察院定位不清楚,因此检察院提起附带民事诉讼总是受到争议,被认为是游离于其主要的检察职能以外的,并且提起附带民事诉讼会造成人民检察院角色的混乱,因此该项职能常常受到忽视。《刑事诉讼法》第七十七条第二款的适用状况大打折扣,导致国家、集体财产利益不断受到侵害而无法获得救济。人民检察院该项职能在当今刑事犯罪同时侵犯国家、集体财产利益更加普遍的今天具有越来越重要的意义:
第一,保障国家、集体财产利益受到侵害后得到有效救济。在司法实践中,存在着一些给国家和社会公共利益造成相当程度损害的犯罪案件,既没有具体的受害单位、也没有具体的受害个人。比较常见的案件主要有,交通肇事犯罪导致国有防护栏毁坏、破坏性盗窃犯罪(如为盗窃投币电话中的硬币而砸坏电话机的)、破坏生产经营犯罪导致国家或集体财产损失、盗伐林木等类型的案件。另外,存在一些集体财产利益受损害,受害单位却怠于行事自己的诉权的情形。例如在宁波北仑区盗伐林木案中,当地镇政府并未充分意识到提起民事诉讼的必要性。以上案件以往被作为单纯刑事案件由检察机关提起公诉,这类案件客观上不存在明确的受害主体,因此造成的经济损失也常常被忽视,最终导致国家、集体的权益受到侵害而无法获得有效救济。人民检察院作为国家、人民利益的代表,应当担当起国家、集体财产利益“守夜人”的角色,提起附带民事诉讼,维护国家、集体的财产利益。
第二,人民检察院提起该类附带民事诉讼可以达到社会效益最大化。首先,人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼可以节约诉讼成本,提高诉讼效率。人民检察院在提起公诉的过程中对案件事实有细致的把握,可以根据犯罪事实以及所造成的实际损失在合理的范围内提起附带民事诉讼。相对于其他可能的主体来说,不再需要中间环节,提高了诉讼的效率。另外,我国刑事诉讼的原则在于惩罚与教育相结合,最终实现社会正义,而民事诉讼的最终目标在于实现社会公平,维护国家、集体、个人的合法财产利益与人身利益。针对此类案件中主观恶性不强,社会危害不大的案件,通过对犯罪人刑事责任与民事责任的合理分配,适当减轻刑事责任,转化为民事责任,这样的结果便是将犯罪人牢狱之苦,部分转化为对国家、集体经济利益的补偿,同时减少了国家司法资源的负担。达到了国家、司法机关、犯罪人三方的最优化选择,是三者在博弈过程中的纳什均衡之所在,同时。就宁波北仑区盗伐林木案来说,犯罪人在得知判决结果后也表示,愿意执行附带民事诉讼部分的判决,因为这样的判决结果可以弥补给国家带来的损失。
第三,符合当代诉权理论发展方向与世界各国的司法实践。近年来,公益诉讼逐渐成为社会关注的热点。公益诉讼是指任何组织和个人都可以根据法律的授权,对违反法律,侵犯国家利益、社会公共利益。3是把管理学的观念引入诉权理论后,当事人适格理论在近代社会的突破性发展的集中体现。对于提起公益诉讼的主体范围,学术界尚有争论,存在着广义的公益诉讼与狭义的公益诉讼之分。但对于人民检察院作为提起公益诉讼的主体,已经基本达成一致意见。根据《刑事诉讼法》第七十七条规定,人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼的条件之一是国家、集体的财产受到损失。因此,人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼属于公益诉讼的范围之内,也符合了诉权理论的发展方向。另外,就世界范围来讲,大多数国家都规定了检察院提起公益诉讼的制度。检察院作为维护国家、人民利益的主体,其保障国家、集体财产利益作用不可或缺。而检察院提起附带民事诉讼职能也正是基于此而设立的。

二、人民检察院在提起附带民事公益诉讼当中的诉讼地位
在进一步确定人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼的实体与程序权利义务之前,必须要对其诉讼地位加以界定。然而对附带民事公益诉讼中人民检察院的法律地位却有着不同的观点。
其中比较有影响的有三种学说:
第一,公诉人说。该说认为检察机关应为提起刑事附带民事诉讼的国家公诉机关,持此种观点的大多为检察机关的工作人员,也有部分审判人员。他们认为,检察机关无论提起刑事诉讼、还是提起附带民事诉讼,都代表国家行使法律监督权,都处于国家公诉机关的地位。这种观点实质上是将检察机关的公诉权运用到民事诉讼中,以求从形式上实现检察机关诉权的统一。
第二,双重身份说。该说认为检察机关既是提起刑事附带民事诉讼的国家公诉机关,同时具有附带民事诉讼原告人身份。持这种观点的认为,人民检察院在提起刑事附带民事诉讼时,它既是公诉机关,又处于附带民事诉讼原告人的地位,享有附带民事诉讼原告人的权利和义务,具有国家公诉机关和附带民事诉讼原告人的双重身份。
第三,原告人说。这种观点认为,检察机关是提起刑事诉讼的公诉机关,附带民事诉讼的原告人。理由是人民检察院既是刑事公诉机关,又在程序上处于附带民事诉讼原告人的地位,但不是实体上的民事原告人。检察机关提起附带民事诉讼的范围限于适格当事人不起诉或者没有明确的当事人的案件,是对当事人起诉机制受阻时的补充,并非属于排出其他主体的“公诉”,其诉讼地位也不应被称为“公诉人”。
以上三种观点从不同角度表述了检察机关的法律地位,都有一定的合理性。但笔者更赞同第三种观点。
一般来说,公诉是指刑事公诉,“根据刑事公诉制度,‘公诉’是指国家公诉机关国家公诉机关代表国家指控犯罪,将犯罪嫌疑人交付法院审判的诉讼活动和制度。公诉机关在什么情况下提出刑事指控,取决于刑法的规定,刑法关于具体的规定又体现了稳定和维护社会秩序者基本的公共利益”。刑事附带民事诉讼实质上是刑事、民事两种诉讼的合并审理。就民事诉讼的基本结构“两造对立”而言,民事诉讼要有相对的原、被告双方才可以成立。有权提起附带民事诉讼的主体不论是被害人还是其他有权依法代为提起诉讼的公民和法人、其他组织,均应称为附带民事诉讼原告人,享有附带民事诉讼原告人的权利和义务。由检察机关提起附带民事诉讼,它在形式上就充当了民事原告人的角色。但在事实上,检察机关并不是被害人——所主张的民事权利的所有者,真正的权利人应该是国家或者一定范围内的集体组织,检察机关只是代表国家或者集体组织提起附带民事诉讼,是“形式当事人”。在诉讼中检察机关并不享有对公共财产的处分权,有别于实体上的民事原告人,故检察机关在程序上处于附带民事诉讼原告人的地位,但不是实体上的民事原告人。也正因如此,人民法院审理由检察机关提起的附带民事诉讼不适用调解程序。
另外,笔者认为,假如将检察机关的诉讼地位定位为公诉机关,会在司法实践中出现诸多困境:首先,检察机关是否享有附带民事诉讼原告人的某些权利,如申请撤诉权、申请执行权等。诉讼过程中若被告人与被害人达成和解协议,检察机关无权撤诉,导致诉讼程序无法顺利进行;其次,如果被告人对人民法院的判决无异议,检察机关认为判决中的刑事部分正确但附带民事部分有错误,因公诉机关只有对刑事部分的抗诉权,对未生效民事判决不具有上诉权,若检察机关在附带民事诉讼中的法律地位是公诉机关,则其既无上诉权而在判决生效之前又无法行使抗诉权,导致二审程序无法启动。第三,对生效附带民事判决被告人未自觉履行的情况,审判组织亦未移交执行机构执行,作为公诉机关的检察机关是不能申请法院依法强制执行的,只有作为附带民事诉讼原告人时才能依法申请强制执行。因此,人民检察院既是刑事公诉机关,又在程序上处于附带民事诉讼原告人的地位,无论现行法律规定还是在诉讼实务中,都是必然的要求。

三、 人民检察院在提起附带民事公益诉讼当中的法律适用
(一)检察机关提起附带民事诉讼的条件
根据《刑事诉讼法》第七十七条规定,“由于被告人的犯罪行为,使国家财产、集体财产遭受损失的,人民检察院在提起公诉的时候,可以提起附带民事诉讼”。刑事诉讼法司法解释第八十五条规定,“如果是国家财产、集体财产遭受损失,受损失的单位未提起附带民事诉讼,人民检察院在提起公诉时提起附带民事诉讼的,人民法院应当受理”。根据以上规定,检察机关不能代表被害自然人提起附带民事诉讼,只能代表被害国有、集体单位提起附带民事诉讼,但应以单位未提起附带民事诉讼为前提。
在宁波北仑区《暂行规定》中,规定了检察院的督促程序,即犯罪行为侵害国家、集体财产利益,有明确的受害单位的,检察院要先实施督促程序,在经过一段期间受害单位怠于行使诉权或没有明确的受害单位时,才可以提起附带民事诉讼。我国刑事诉讼法律规范对此应当加以吸收借鉴。对于检察机关提起附带民事诉讼后被害单位又提起的,只要被害单位的起诉未超过诉讼时效,应依据受损单位优先的原则,将被害单位列为附带民事诉讼原告人,并告知检察机关撤回附带民事诉讼。
另外,我国最高人民法院和最高人民检察院应当对检察院提起附带民事诉讼的案件范围做出明确的司法解释,以指导人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼。
(二)检察机关提起附带民事诉讼的实体法律适用
基于人检察院在提起附带民事诉讼中的特殊法律地位,检察机关提起附带民事诉讼的实体法律适用具有自身的特点,也不同于一般的民事诉讼,具体表现在:
首先,在适用法律上,根据《刑事诉讼法》司法解释第一百条规定,“人民法院审判附带民事诉讼案件,除适用刑法、刑事诉讼法外,还应当适用民法通则、民事诉讼法有关规定”。这也就是说,人民法院审理附带民事诉讼案件,应当首先适用刑法、刑事诉讼法,在刑法、刑事诉讼法没有规定的前提下,应当适用民事法律法规和民事诉讼法以及司法解释。
其次,在责任认定上,人民检察院提起刑事附带民事诉讼同其他附带民事诉讼一样,损害赔偿的归责原则由刑事前提决定,只能适用过错责任原则。原因在于刑事责任和民事责任是同一行为发生两种后果而产生的两种法律责任,因此民事责任人的主观状态是从属于刑事主观状态的,而任何刑事责任的确定,无论是作为的还是不作为的犯罪,行为人都具有主观上的罪过,由此也决定了附带民事赔偿责任人主观上必须具有过错,没有主观过错的民事赔偿,是不能发生在附带民事诉讼中的,因此将适用无过错责任和公平责任的案件均排斥在附带民事诉讼之外。
第三,附带民事诉讼的赔偿范围等与民法上不尽相同。《刑事诉讼法》第七十七条第一款规定:“被害人由于被告人的犯罪行为而遭受物质损失的,在刑事诉讼过程中,有权提起附带民事诉讼”。最高人民法院在《刑事诉讼法》司法解释中也对此作了相应的规定。最高人民法院还在《关于刑事附带民事诉讼范围问题的规定》第1条规定:因人身权受到犯罪侵犯而遭受物质损失或者财物被犯罪分子毁坏而遭受物质损失的,可以提起附带民事诉讼。对于被害人因犯罪行为遭受精神损失而提起附带民事诉讼的,人民法院不予受理。由此可见,无论是国家法律还是司法解释都是将附带民事诉讼的受案范围限定在物质损失的范围内,而将精神损害赔偿排除在外。
结 语
宁波北仑区盗伐林木案是我国当今人民检察院提起附带民事诉讼的一个缩影,但并不是仅仅局限于个别的地区的个别的一个案例,而是对近年来社会上保障国家、集体、社会公共利益呼声日益高涨现状的一个回应,具有典型性和示范意义。在公益诉讼渐行渐近的今天,人民检察院作为国家和人民利益的“代言人”,应当演好保障国家、集体财产安全“守夜人”的角色,积极行使其民事诉权,依法履行附带民事诉讼职能。同时,这也是我国全面建立公益诉讼制度体系的必要准备。



1宁波北仑检法两院联合推出刑事附带民事公益诉讼规范——起诉审理受案范围不再朦胧http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2006-01-18/09238014784s.shtml
2樊崇义主编:《刑事诉讼法学》,法律出版社,2004年10月版,第109页。
 3颜运秋著:《公益诉讼理念研究》,中国检察出版社,2002年12月版,第9页。
4参见江伟 邵明 赵刚主编《民事诉权理论》
5江伟 杨剑《检察机关提起民事公益诉讼若干问题的探讨》http://www.civillaw.com.cn/
6参见:廖永安:《论检察机关提起民事诉讼》,《湘潭大学社会科学学报》2001年第2期,第63页;廖中洪:《检察机关提起民事诉讼若干问题研究》,《现代法学》2003年第3期,第134—135页。
7李步云主编:《宪法比较法研究》,法律出版社,1998年2月版,第946页。

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